The Four Different Spheres

The Four Different Spheres The Great Barrier Reef is the largest reef system in the world, stretching around 2300 kilometres. It is located on the North East Australian coastline and due to its area faces both positive and negative interactions with the atmosphere. The reef lies in an area classified as Australias Cyclone Zone, and for many thousands of years the reef has been struck by severe tropical cyclones, that have resulted in the changing nature of the ecosystem. The degree of impact on the reef is subject to the intensity and extent of the storm, though the overall outcome of a storm is damage for the living and non-living organisms like the coral. The damage occurs due to the large storm waves that are produced from strong winds and low-pressure systems. The forceful waves rip apart the more fragile coral and create chips and imperfections in the harder coral. In severe cyclone cases the cyclone can cause a whole reef ecosystem to be buried under sediment. Tropical cyclones also bring with them heavi ly-induced rain cycles. The extra volume of fresh water means that the salinity of the reef ecosystem is then distorted, and could affect the growth of the coral, as coral reefs are highly specialised and need certain conditions to thrive. The turbidity of the water can also intensify and result in coral bleaching. The atmosphere can also be a constructive interaction with the Greater Barrier Reef. For example in 2006 Cyclone Larry hit the shores of North Queensland and destroyed many homes and businesses of the surrounding area. The cyclone also struck the reef, but instead of causing destructing within the ecosystem, the cyclone prevented mass coral bleaching to occur by lowering the temperature of the water. Lithosphere The Great Barrier Reef is aided in its functioning and transforming by the lithosphere. The reef itself produces limestone, the exoskeleton of the deceased coral polyp. This limestone is then weathered down and reallocated by the 4 biophysical environments to other parts of the reef. The limestone is then able to create new landforms like coral cay. The limestone is also used as a defence mechanism by coral against the violent and erosive waves. Like all living organisms coral die and the death of one coral could mean the birth of new coral, as new coral will use the limestone structures created by the deceased coral to grow on. Another lithospheric factor affecting coral functioning is sediment. Sediment like sand can have the effect of clouding up the water of the reef resulting in increased turbidity levels of the water. There is then less sunlight penetration into the reef, affecting the process of photosynthesis and coral bleaching is more likely to occur. Sediment can also over whelm the coral reefs through sediment runoff. The sediment runoff could bring with it many natural and threatening chemicals that could harm the functioning of the Great Barrier Reef. Hydrosphere The Great Barrier Reef tends to have best coral growth when hydrosphere conditions are at their greatest. For example coral reefs tend to have optimal growth when wave energy is high. The wave energy is broken by reef through the seaward, and produces an area of peaceful, protected water behind the reef. The waters of the Great Barrier Reef tend to flow in a northerly direction most of the year, though during monsoonal, wet seasons the formation of the waters changes, and there is a reversal in the direction of the waters. This reversal allows for the cooler southern ocean current to flow into the reef. The reversal in water direction is a key component for the ecology of the reef. The waters that run from the north are warm and highly in salinity, they provide the reef with high nutrient levels and are major influences for the diversity of the ecosystem. Biosphere The biosphere element of the Great Barrier Reef is how the reef grows and obtains its wonderful features. One animal that has been credited for helping to develop the reef is the polyp. Polyps are simple organisms that have a stomach and their calcium carbonate exoskeleton. Within the polyp is an interdependent alga called zooxanthallae. The two organisms provide mutual benefits with the zooxanthallae providing sugars and oxygen through the process of photosynthesis and the polyp in turn supplying nutrients. Polyp regrowth occurs with the use of the deceased polyps exoskeleton. Although coral reproduction is different, where the coral will release their eggs into the warm, summer water, and instantaneously corals release mass amounts of sperm. The fertilised eggs develop into larvae and the larvae continue the reef-building procedure on the dead corals skeleton. The diverse range of species within the Great Barrier Reef also has an impact on its functioning. For example crustaceans a re great at executing the nutrient recycling role, while the crown of thorn star fish is known for attaching itself to coral and eating it to death. Coastal Dunes Atmosphere The four spheres play a decisive role when it comes to the structure, extent and the complexion of coastal dunes. The most pivotal biophysical interaction is the atmosphere. The atmospheres main components impacting coastal dunes are wind, temperature and precipitation, as well as climate. Wind is a major contributor to shaping dunes through aeolion transport, where sand grains are picked up and transported to another location. The amount of sand removed from a dune is dependent on the size of the sand particles, velocity of the wind, nature of vegetation cover and more. For sand particles to be displaced they must be of a certain diameter, around 0.15mm. The faster the velocity of the wind the more likely sand grains will be moved, as there is more force behind the wind. The type of local vegetation and amount of vegetation on the sand dunes also impacts aeolian transport, as the vegetation becomes a barrier against the wind for the sand, and the greater the vegetation the less sand taken. Through the vegetation the dunes are able to continue to grow and increase their diversity. Temperature plays the role of influencing the rate of sand dryness, and type of vegetation on the dunes. Temperature values also determine the functioning of ocean currents. As temperature increases the dryness of sand increases resulting in only few vegetation that are able to live on the dunes, which then affects the rate of aeolian transport. Precipitation is also an atmospheric component that impacts coastal dunes, through the level of rainfall. The amount of vegetation on dunes is dependent on the level of rainfall, with regular rainfall meaning a greater variety and denser vegetation, and little to no rainfall putting the ecosystem at risk, through the little vegetation to protect the sand from aeolian transport. Hydrosphere Hydrological processes are one of the most significant components on earth for change to occur. The hydrological processes that have an impact on coastal dune ecosystems include wind-induced waves, longshore drift and rainfall. Wind-induced waves are important for developing coastal dunes, and combine both the hydrosphere and lithosphere. When there are periods of calmness within the ocean, this means sand is able to be transported from offshore deposits to the beaches. This gives supply to dunes where the winds transport the sand. On the other hand when there are treacherous conditions in the oceans the waves become powerful and crash into the coastline with such force that there able to remove sand from beaches and foredunes. Another hydrological process impacting coastal dunes ecosystems is longshore drift. Longshore drift is the transportation of sediment by currents that are running at parallel to the shoreline. Through longshore drift sediment is able to be produced in one loca tion of a coastal system and then transferred to another location. Longshore drift allows dunes to be created by sediment that has been transported over a long distance. Longshore drift is quite common on the East side of Australia, with many of the islands up in Queensland having been made from sediment that came from New South Wales. The final hydrological process to impact coastal dunes is rainfall. The amount of rainfall has a bearing on the erosion of the sand. When there is high rainfall runoff starts to occur which in turn erodes at the surface of the sand, the surface is then vulnerable to the effects of atmospheric winds. Biosphere The biosphere influences coastal dunes through flora and fauna. There are three species to flora, primary species, secondary species and tertiary species. The primary species are those that are closest to the sea. These areas are only colonised by specialised plants that are able to handle salt spray, sand blast and strong winds. The main role of the pioneer species like Marram Grass is to stabilise any incoming sand. These species of fauna spread at a rapid pace, with strong root systems, and so their able to protect much of a sand dune from its various vulnerabilities. The pioneering plants as their referred to, are vital in reducing wind erosion and stabilising the sand, leading to a better functioning coastal dune ecosystem. The secondary species is the foredune vegetation. They are usually comprised of shrubs and small trees like the coastal wattle, and help in maintaining foredune sand mass. The tertiary species are those that go beyond the coastal moorland, like tall trees. Th e vegetation in this zone is protected from the atmospheric and hydrological processes affecting the ecosystem. The vegetation in this area is not fixed, with variables being the local topography and climate. The development of humus and growth of plants occur, the sunlight exposure and soil conditions start to change. When the soil becomes richer, it attracts shrub and woodland plants, thus changing the vegetation. This process is known as succession. Fauna on coastal dunes is not very evident. Not many fauna live on the dunes closest to the beach, as the conditions are too extreme for them to handle, with maybe only few crabs calling this area home. Along with crabs the only likely animal seen on dunes closest to beaches are striped skink. Towards the back of the dune systems an increasing number of bird species can be found. Lithosphere Question 2. Analyse the impacts due to both human-induced modifications and natural stress on both ecosystems at risk. How does each ecosystem adjust in response to natural stress? Coral Reefs Human Modifications Human dependence on the Great Barrier Reef has been for many thousands of years, dating back to the times of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. As human populations grow the demand for coral reef resources will increase as well. The main human induced modifications are over-fishing and tourism. Over-fishing of the coral reef often occurs when there is an increase in the human population, as there is a now a greater demand for seafood and unique marine life. Fishermen usually target those fish that are closely connected with the coral, like the large wrasses and snappers. When the captures for these species decrease, the fishermen then target all species of fish using more efficient methods of capturing, like spears or mesh nets. As they fish down the food chain fishermen bring great vulnerability to the coral reef ecosystem. Through observation and research its proven that coral with no fish are more prone to overgrowth by macro-algae and increases in coral diseases. There is also physical damage sustained by the coral, through the anchors, nets and traps, which ends up causing more complications for the coral reef. Tourism is the other major human induced factor impacting coral reefs, and especially the Great Barrier Reef. Tourism is a key contributor to the Australian economy, with one of its foremost assets, the Great Barrier Reef bringing in $4 billion a year. Research performed by James Cook University of Cairns found several comprehensive impacts of tourism on the reef. The first being coastal tourism development, where many people visiting the reef want to stay as close to the reef as possible. The coastal developments and building of groynes and marinas near and around the Great Barrier Reef disrupts currents and frequently gravitates to the displacement of sediment. There is also increase tourism on the islands near the reef causing problems linked with sewage and rubbish. Marine based tourism also occurs in the Great Barrier Reef with the anchors and anchor chains of boats having catastrophic effects on the coral, like physical damage. Although operators are very careful when it comes to tourist interaction with coral animals, some tourists negatively interact with the wildlife causing complications in the breeding cycles and natural interactions. Another human impact towards the Great Barrier Reef is land clearing. Approximately 25% of all land in Queensland drains out into the reef. The runoff is a major contributor to degradation in the reef, with agriculture; urban development and aqua culture all impacting the quality of the reef water. The rate of sediment runoff is dramatically increasing through greater urban populations moving to the reef and intensified agriculture. The increase sediment means in a reduction in light energy for photosynthesis to occur, resulting in greater disease and overtime the suppression of the reef. The increase in wetland clearing has also obstructed in the reef development. The wetlands provide many species of the reef habitats and nurseries. When the wetlands for example estuaries are destroyed these species will then need to find new environments and new nurseries disrupting equilibrium within he ecosystem. The wetlands also house a significant amount of water when heavy rainfall occurs. Wi th depleting wetlands this means more fresh water will flow into the reef having damaging effects on the salinity levels of the reef water. Natural Stresses Great Barrier Reef natural stresses!!!!!!! Coastal Dunes Human Modifications Humans have also have dramatic impacts on coastal dune ecosystems. The main reasons to human induced modifications are the ever growing desires of humans to live on the coasts, and the increase in human population. Coastal dunes are used by humans for mining, waste-water disposal, housing and many more. The activities create problems including sand inundation and species loss. Coastal development is occurring all over the world, due to the demand of humans to live near water. Most coastal development involves the process of flattening the parallel dunes to build, and sometimes even the foredune. These actions result in the flow of sand inland being disrupted, and the protective barrier situated between the land and the sea vanishes. Another form of coastal development affecting coastal dunes is reclamation. Reclamation involves building a wall that is some distance off the coast and filling in behind the wall. It is done to extend the land out into water, and although it is positive for humans it is extremely harmful to dune ecosystems, as it alters the movement of sediment along the coast. The areas that are reclaimed are usually tidal floats that often provide sand for dune development and growth. Humans also destroy the coastal dunes through the recreational practices that take place. When people try to make their way to beaches they usually along the plants. This creates holes in the dunes and invites resilient weeds who can cope with trampling to grow. Most vegetation degradation occurs in the foredune, which happens to be the most important part of the dune system, as it protects the least stable component of the dune system. The weight of vehicles and other means of transport compact the sand, resulting in the sand having less oxygen and therefore less plant growth. For example in Lake Huron, Ontario, Canada research has found that the increase number of vehicles having access to the dunes and beaches has caused the deeper sand to become compact, and surface sand to loosen. The loosened sand becomes vulnerable to wind erosion, and causes a decrease in the rate of organic decay and consequently the rate of soil formation is reduced. The research also found that where vehic les had treded on the vegetation, there was greater wind velocity, as there was less vegetation to be a force slowing the wind. Coastal dunes are very specialised and tenuous. When there is an introduction in a flora and/or fauna species, this creates havoc in the dune ecosystem, as the ecosystem has certain needs to properly function. Some species were once introduced to stabilise the dunes but end up becoming the vulnerability of the dune system. One species that has caused major dune damage is the rabbit. The rabbits were introduced to Australia by the First Fleet and have been destructive ever since their introduction. Rabbits impact coastal dunes through eating the grasses and other vegetation, reducing the ground cover and they expose sand to wind erosion. An example of floral impact on the coastal dunes is the detrimental bitou bush. The bitou bush a native of Southern Africa was first introduced in the 1920s. Once the bitou bush has entered the dune system it quickly takes over and kills all the native plants. The bitou bush is so successful due to its high-volume of seed production, large root system s and having no predators in Australia. The major problem with the bitou bush is the monoculture it creates on the dune system, with there being no diversity on the ecosystem. If the bitou bush is removed then the sand is left exposed to wind erosion, causing greater problems. Although, the problems created by leaving the bitou bush are far greater than those eliminating the bitou bush, so much of the bitou bush on the coast is being killed. Natural Stresses Coastal environments are constantly changing, especially coastal dunes. These changes are brought on by humans actions and natural stresses placed on the dunes. The major natural factor impacting coastal dunes is storm damage. Storm-induced waves are able to cause a great deal of damage to the structure of the dune system. The ferocious power of the storm can leave the beaches degraded with little sediment, for dune reconstruction to occur, and sometimes even erode the foredune. Structural damage comes in two main forms, one being washovers, and the other being washouts. An example of a major storm damage that has happened was in 1999 where there destruction on the coastline of Byron Bay, New South Wales. The storms were ruthless and the waves were as high as 3-metres. The storms created mass coastal erosion, with washovers taking place in several locations, generating widespread erosion in the adjacent parallel dune system. There was also recently a series of storms that occurred in Byron Bay in 2009. The strong storms meant the New South Wales Government had to fork out around$740,000 for rebuilding and repairs. The seawalls needed repairs while many houses in the area needed rebuilding and money was needed to regenerate the dunes at Belongil Beach. A further example of storms impacting coastal dunes was in Stockton Beach, Newcastle in 2007. The storms occurred over the June long weekend and resulted in approximately 100,000 cubic metres worth of sand being lost, as well as structural damage like erosion around sea walls. This caused major disturbance to the coastal dune functioning, as will take a long time to recover. Dune systems dont have perfectly shaped surfaces. The dunes often have recessions and elevations along the tops of the dunes. When a storm-waves height surpasses the height of a recession in the dune, water seeps into the dune creating a washover. With consecutive, formidable storm-induced waves the washover impression deepens and widens. This results in a greater volume of water being able to spill over and flow inland. In some intense storm events like tropical cyclones, the washover may continue into the inland dunes. Luckily coastal dunes redevelop over time through constructive waves transporting sand to the beach. Although, areas hit by intense, frequent storms go through the rebuilding process much slower, due to a considerable quantity of sand being removed. Recurring, powerful storms also cause damage to the flora of the dune, further decelerating the process of regeneration. An example of how washovers have caused damage to dunes was the major storm damage that occurred at the Newcastle Port in 1974. The storm was called the Sygna Storm due to its ability to shipwreck the MV Sygna heading for Europe. The strom has wind gusts up to 165 kilometres/per hour, and swells were up to and over 17 metres high. The impact of the storm on the dunes was the well-built foredunes had been completely flattened. Washouts are linked with the penetration of sand barriers like those that segregate coastal lagoon from the open sea, after there has been a period of substantial rainfall. Washouts can also occur in dune systems, when there is a build-up of water in the swales that separate dunes. When there are slumps in the dunes surfaces, the water gets directed through the low points and overspills onto the beach, sometimes transport sand with it. ADJUSTMENT IN RESPONSE TO CHANGE Question 3. Compare and contrast the vulnerability and resilience of the two ecosystems at risk. Question 4. Evaluate the traditional and contemporary approaches to management and protection of both ecosystems. The two ecosystems at risk, coral reefs and sand dunes, are both highly specialised, and for this reason there have been many traditional and contemporary management strategies used to sustain them, and keep them as risk free as possible. Coral Reefs Traditional Management Strategies Traditional management approaches were mostly used by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. The Aboriginals focused on preserving the reefs and maintaining equilibrium in the ecosystem. The first traditional management plan was season hunting. Season hunting involves hunting only occurring at specific designated times of the year, for example summer. This strategy guarantees that there will be flora and fauna available for the future generations, as well as not severely impacting the process in the food web. The Aboriginals and Islanders only took what resources they needed from the reef, which helped in maintaining dynamic equilibrium in the reef. The strategy has close links to ecological sustainability, as it focuses on protection and fostering the ecosystem. Another impressive traditional management tactic used by the Aboriginals in maintaining the reefs was restrictions on fish sizes. This practice involves only catching fish of a certain length of above. Through this practice the fish of the Great Barrier Reef are given the chance to reproduce at least once before their caught. This lets the ecosystem maintain levels of fauna and as much equilibrium as possible. Add more. Third Traditional Management Strategy Contemporary Management Strategies Coral reefs are also maintained through contemporary management strategies, with one being zoning. Zoning involves establishing what can be done and where it can be done. The purpose of zoning is to diminish stress placed on certain areas of the reef and maintain their ecological sustainability. An example of zoning is allowing commercial fishing to occur in some parts of the reef, while tourism developments can occur in the outer reef area. If imposed properly zoning is a very successful tool in managing and protecting the reefs, as well as allowing present generations to access its natural resources without compromising the reef for future generations. Another way in which reefs can be preserved is through benchmark data. Benchmark data is comparing the ecosystem that is at risk with the standard of that ecosystem. Benchmark data helps in understanding whether the reef ecosystem is at the standard that it should be to be regarded as healthy. For example the standard level globally for the amount of dissolved nitrogen in the water of coral reefs is 0.014ppm. This knowledge would help in knowing if there is too much nitrogen or not enough nitrogen in the water, and humans may then be able to influence its level of nitrogen. Benchmark data is important in interpreting the risk factor the reef ecosystem has. The managing of tourism on the reef is also a significant factor of contemporary management strategies. Tourism generally has a negative impact on the reef, so its important that these tourists learn more about the reefs and the need to manage them. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) makes all tourists pay a certain fee when visiting the reefs, so they can reinvest the money into education about the reefs and to manage them. One of the major issues regarding tourism in reefs is the concentration on certain areas. For example, around 85% of all Great Barrier Reef tourism occurs in the areas of Cairns and Whitsunday Islands. Though they only make up 7% of the entire Great Barrier Reef putting immense risk on these areas. Tourism in the Great Barrier Reef is usually a day trip and mostly spent on reef pontoons. Over the years there have been many pontoon accidents and so the GBRMPA decided to ban all pontoon activity unless granted otherwise. The GBRMPA has also impos ed speed limits in the reef as a way of managing the risks of the reefs. As there are thousands of boats passing through the reef every day, the GBRMPA made speed limits for boats so that the risk faced by the reefs be minimised. Tourism also impacts the wildlife and breeding cycles. Fauna have certain places and times when they are breeding and sometimes humans disturb their cycles, creating disequilibrium in that area. For example research found that many bird species that regularly bred on Michaelmas Cays had stopped breeding due to the growing tourist activity on the island. The Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS) are in charge of most islands on which birds breed, and so if there irregularities in bird breeding on an island due to human activity, then the QPWS permanently close the island from humans. Coastal Dunes Traditional Management Strategies Very little is known on the traditional Aboriginal ways of the management of coastal dunes. There is archaeological proof that the Aborigines did frequent the dunes but would have only been used as camp sites or for special ceremonial occasions. The findings of middens, which are mounds of shells that indicate a seafood-based meal had occurred, are indicators to the type of marine environment in the area, and the time that the Aborigines used the resources. ASK MISS ABOUT MANAGEMENT THROUGH MIDDENS. Another traditional management strategy though to be used by the Aborigines was the use of totems. Totems are animals assumed as an emblem to an individual or family. For many Aborigines the totems were an animal ancestor of theirs. Their role was to look after and try to preserve their totem. They were not allowed to eat their totem animals or harm it in anyway. This management strategy helped in making sure species were not overhunted. The most known form of Aboriginal management of coa stal dunes was back-burning or cool burning. Back-burning occurred through fires or fire stick farming, and would occur during cool periods so the fires would not get out of hand and kill the whole ecosystem. ASK MISS ABOUT MANAGEMENT THROUGH FIRES. Contemporary Management Strategies For successful dune protection to occur, the natural functioning of the dune must be sustained, while allowing humans to use the coastal dune ecosystem in a sustainable manner. As dune restoration is extremely costly many bodies of power have used strategies that protect the current dunes, and keep them in the best possible condition. One strategy imposed is land-use controls. Through state and local governments there is the ability to have stricter planning laws on human activities, as undertakings on the coastal ecosystem like residential development has extremely negative consequences on the dunes. Local governments have the power to accept or decline any development applications on the dunes. With this power given to local governments the dune system, and specifically the foredune would be able to function in a more natural state. Fencing is another management strategy against human activities, especially trampling from beach users. Dune fences are usually built around the foredune area, and assist in stopping people from trampling the dune vegetation. Particularly when the vegetation is immature and fragile, as its at its most vulnerable state. The fences are made of timber and wire, allowing wind and sand sediment easy access in and out. Along with fencing, fenced access ways are used for people to get to and from the beach. Fenced access ways are built through the dune, and at an angle to the prevailing wind as it minimises funnelling. They are fenced off to further protect the vegetation. With the fenced access ways many dunes have board and chain paths. The chain and board paths help the coastal dunes through reducing trampling by humans, as well as the timber slats being an obstacle to wind erosion to the exposed sand. http://www.mrstevennewman.com/geo/Stockton/nature_change/Washover.JPG Rise in mean annual sea temperature Water temperature is one of the most important variables determining ecosystem function in the marine environment. External temperature controls metabolic rates, which, during non-stress conditions, increase with increasing temperatures in all but warm-blooded organisms. Consequently, persistent warmer temperatures can accelerate life history and population parameters such as growth and reproductive age, and ecosystem properties such as rates of calcification and community metabolism, until they reach a level where temperature stress accumulates and rates start to decline75. While warmer sea temperatures increase growth rates in some organisms such as fleshy macroalgae, they may slow down growth in others because of the relative lower nutrient concentrations in warmer compared to cooler water. At higher temperatures, water column productivity accelerates, depleting the standing stock of dissolved and particulate nutrients including phyto- and zooplankton (McKinnon et al. chapter 6). For example, kelp and other temperate brown macroalgae grow most prolifically at cooler temperatures where nutrient concentrations are higher than in warmer nutrient-depleted waters18, while the productivity of other macroalgae might increase at higher temperatures (DiazPulido et al. chapter 7). Similar responses are likely to occur in other species groups, exemplifying that shifts in the relative abundances of species are to be expected, with profound but yet poorly understood consequences for ecosystem properties and species interactions. Altered reproductive timing has bee n linked to rising mean annual sea temperature. Of particular concern is a potential desynchronisation of the mass-spawning event of corals that occurs annually in the GBR. Thousands of coral species from unrelated taxa synchronise their annual spawning based on sea temperature and moon phase5. The role temperature plays is demonstrated at Magnetic Island off Townsville, where waters are approximately 1Â °C warmer than in the surrounding region and a proportion of species spawn one month earlier on this reef than conspecifics in cooler waters near-by. Similarly, reproduction of fishes on the GBR appears to be triggered by increasing sea temperature in at least some tropical reef fishes16,17,98,49, including coral trout102. Increased temperature could cause an earlier start to the breeding season in these species, and possibly a longer breeding season if thermal limits for reproduction are not exceeded.

The Reason Rapists Are Going Free :: Violence Rape Essays

The Reason Rapists Are Going Free When will the men and women of our world be able to live their lives without the fear of being raped by another person? The article that will be discussed in this paper is called â€Å"The Reason Rapists Are Going Free† written by Stacy Colino. The biggest thing about this article is the fact that the DNA samples gathered in rape kits can nab sexual offenders, but the evidence often sits around collecting dust. Many men as well as women are getting away with harming another person through sexual contact with out their permission. Men as well as women can be rapped but less men will actually go to the police about it they would rather keep it under wraps because they are afraid they will be criticized for being weak which is untrue. Both, men and women are at risk for rape the scary thing is that there is a possibility that their cases will not be processed because their rape kits are not being processed efficiently. The ones that actually are processed are not always bro ught to trial. Those that are processed are thrown through the databases of convicted persons and if there is a match than it will go through the courts, and when this is all done with the victim feels worse about themselves and we promote this in our culture? The audience of this paper is those who want to be informed and those that this horrible problem has happened to. Rape is not something men and women wish to talk about but it is a relevant issue in our world. It should not be something people have to worry about in their own homes. The purpose is to inform people that the rapists can be caught and brought to trial for what they have done. The logos of the article are those who have been raped will be able to get their victimizer put away for a long time therefore the kits should be processed. The ethos that is presented in this article is if you are going to do the crime you should have to do the time as well if you are going to start reassess a case you should make sure the kit is finished. The Reason Rapists Are Going Free :: Violence Rape Essays The Reason Rapists Are Going Free When will the men and women of our world be able to live their lives without the fear of being raped by another person? The article that will be discussed in this paper is called â€Å"The Reason Rapists Are Going Free† written by Stacy Colino. The biggest thing about this article is the fact that the DNA samples gathered in rape kits can nab sexual offenders, but the evidence often sits around collecting dust. Many men as well as women are getting away with harming another person through sexual contact with out their permission. Men as well as women can be rapped but less men will actually go to the police about it they would rather keep it under wraps because they are afraid they will be criticized for being weak which is untrue. Both, men and women are at risk for rape the scary thing is that there is a possibility that their cases will not be processed because their rape kits are not being processed efficiently. The ones that actually are processed are not always bro ught to trial. Those that are processed are thrown through the databases of convicted persons and if there is a match than it will go through the courts, and when this is all done with the victim feels worse about themselves and we promote this in our culture? The audience of this paper is those who want to be informed and those that this horrible problem has happened to. Rape is not something men and women wish to talk about but it is a relevant issue in our world. It should not be something people have to worry about in their own homes. The purpose is to inform people that the rapists can be caught and brought to trial for what they have done. The logos of the article are those who have been raped will be able to get their victimizer put away for a long time therefore the kits should be processed. The ethos that is presented in this article is if you are going to do the crime you should have to do the time as well if you are going to start reassess a case you should make sure the kit is finished.

Underlining Synoptic Gospels

Underlining Synoptic Gospels The Gospels of Luke, Mark, and Matthew offer three similar yet different ways of retelling past events. The passages chosen are the Sermon on the Mount, The Beatitudes, Commissioning of the Twelve, The Fate of the Disciples, and The Coming of the Son of Man. The authors gave their interpretation to different events. Each Gospel clearly gives a general overview of everything taking place during this time period. The only difference exists in detail. The Gospels of Luke, Mark, and Matthew demonstrate the differences in similar stories being told by multiple authors. The Gospels of Luke, Mark, and Matthew match up very well. They generally follow the same storyline for each reading. In the Sermon, they tell how great crowds came from all over flocking to where Jesus was. The Beatitudes match up from Gospel to Gospel. The Commissioning of the twelve tell how Jesus chose his twelve apostles and sent them out on missions to heal the sick and cure the diseased. Apostles will be guided with what to say if questioned in Fate of the Disciples. Lastly, the coming of the son of man is described in all three Gospels. Differences are inevitable when different sources retell stories. The Gospels are no different. Each Gospel gives a different perspective than the other. What is not seen in one gospel is picked up in another. Examples are how masses came to see Jesus for healing, the Beatitudes, and the Disciples. Matthew neglects to tell how the masses of people came from Tyre and Sidon upon heading of Jesus’ miraculous healing powers. These individuals came from all over just for the opportunity to touch him in hopes of being healed. [1] This should have been put in for sure. This is just a blatant example of the power Jesus had. It separated Jesus from the false gods and prophets at the time. Mark does not contain the Beatitudes while Luke’s show of the Beatitudes is slightly shorter than Matthews. Mark may have chosen to not incorporate them into his text. The validity of the Beatitudes, based on this assignment alone, may be challenged based on how one author does not have any and the other two vary. In the Commissioning of the Twelve, Mark is the only author to give the small detail that Jesus sent the Disciples out two by two after giving them authority over unclean spirits. [2] After giving his disciples authority, Matthew does not tell how Jesus went up onto the mountain before he summoned his apostles. Mark does however, by saying that â€Å"He went up on the mountain and called to him those who he wanted and they came to him. †[3] This may be because the source that told Matthew may have not seen Jesus on upon the mountain. Luke and Mark may have had a source that watched it first hand or Matthew may have chosen to leave it out. Continuing with the Commissioning of the Twelve, another difference exists. Luke and Mark, not Matthew, both tell how Jesus went up on a mountain and called his twelve disciples and they were from that point on known as apostles. 4] The main problem with this situation is there is a difference in apostle’s names. All three Gospels have twelve names listed. Mark and Matthew had the name Thaddaeus and Luke had a second Judas. [5] The differences and similarities found in the Gospels are why they must be read together for comparison, much like anything else recorded second hand by various authors. The differences can be explained by lack of info rmation or just the choice of the writer to not include something. Numerous other factors could also be accountable but they need not be. While having differences the Gospels contain beyond more than enough similarities to get the point across. Bibliography Michael D. Coogan, ed. The New Oxford Annotated Bible, Augmented Third Edition, New Revised Standard Version with the Apocrypha. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Bart D. Ehrman, A Brief Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. ———————– [1] Mark 3:8-11; Luke 6: 17-19 [2] Mark 6:7 [3] Mark 3:13 [4] Mark 3:13-14; Luke 9:12-13 [5] Matt. 10:2-4; Mark 3:16-19; Luke 6:14-16

Percent Composition Definition

Percent composition is the percentage by mass of each element in a compound. Example: The percent composition of water is 20% hydrogen and 80% oxygen.

The Bitterness of Revenge Essay - 1631 Words

Linsluv Lovely OPPAPERS.COM February 18, 2012 Paper #1 The Bitterness of Revenge Revenge grows and festers off of resentment and rage. Revenge is an illness that is very contagious. Revenge can take over a person’s life and end in heartbreak and misery. Revenge hurts people as well as their love ones. Revenge will always end in unhappiness unless one learns that revenge is nothing more than a dead end. Revenge does not solve any answers and will not make any person any happier than before. This theme of revenge is shown numerous times in the story Great Expectations written by Charles Dickens. In the novel, many bitter souls seek revenge as the answer to their problems. Characters commit crimes, hurt other because of selfish†¦show more content†¦Joe being physically damaged. However Orlick is able to get away with this attack. His quest to fully satisfy his misery comes when he tries to also get back at Pip. The second person Orlick seeks revenge on is Pip. Pip is a very nice young man that tries to become a gentleman. Th ere should be no reason why Orlick should want to seek revenge upon him. However, Orlick sees Pip as a threat from an early age. Orlick blames Pip for loosing his job as Mrs. Havisham’s porter and for also ruining his chance with Biddy. Orlick insinuates, â€Å"You did that, and that would be enough, without more. How dared you come betwixt me and a young woman I liked?† (Dickens 452). Orlick is had a liking toward Biddy and feels that Pip gave her bad opinions about him. From when Pip started working at the forge for Joe, Orlick always felt Pip is in his way. He blames Pip for all his problems and even tries to get back at Pip by blaming him for attacking Mrs. Joe. Now it ends with Orlick trying to kill Pip. Orlick declares, â€Å"You was always in Old Orlick’s way since ever you was a child. You goes out of his way, this present night. He’ll have no more on you. You’re dead† (Dickens 453). Orlick has taken revenge on Pip but fails when Pip is rescued by his friend, Herbert. Later Orlick is caught and taken to jail for stealing from Pip’s uncle. Through Orlick, Dickens show that revenge ends in misery and that it festers from bitterness. Since Orlick tried to take revenge on Mrs.Show MoreRelatedChillingworth: A Hidden Monstrosity Summoned by Hate797 Words   |  3 Pagespublicly punished. His dark, cold and divisive eyes flicker to the adulterer, the woman whom he calls his wife and devices an utter plan of cold, ghastly revenge with the motive of pure destruction. Chillingworth; a character devised from the intelligent mind of Nathaniel Hawthorne is a symbol of the evolution of one whose mind is obsessed with the revenge of others. In the Scarlet Letter, Chillingworth is quite the odd one. 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The power of Heathcliff’s destructive love is conquered by the influence of another kind of love. Young Cathy’s love for Ha reton is a redemptive force. It is her love that brings an end to the reign of Heathcliff. Heathcliff andRead MoreBackground and Influence: Merchant of Venice1447 Words   |  6 Pagescitizens still resided in the country, but were forced to conform and convert to Anglicanism. This notion of Catholics being aliens in a country that had for a long duration, been established as a nation under the Catholic Church, awakened suppressed bitterness that had been caused by both peoples past sufferings. The reality that people were physically maltreating other people of a different spiritual background was a legitimate reason for Shakespeare to foundation for this analogous play. Shakespeare

The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - 1656 Words

Did the atomic bomb have to be used in World War II on Japan? There were multiple reasons why the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were necessary. One of which is to reduce the chance of Allied casualties if the war continued. Another reason was to prohibit the possibility that an Axis country such as Nazi Germany, could create an atomic weapon. A third reason or is whether or not the use of atomic weapons on innocent people was worth the media backlash. A final reason is that the work the Americans and British did on the atomic bomb, would be an evolution of modern-day weaponry. The opinions on the atomic bomb and its use have been questioned for the past 69 years. The creation and use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and†¦show more content†¦The chances of a Japanese comeback were very unlikely but did present a small risk in not using the atomic bomb when given the opportunity. Another reason or ideology in why the creation of the atomic bomb was necessary, was to be able to end the war quickly if another nation, such as Germany developed one. Germany had begun it’s desire to research the atomic bomb before it capture the Norsk Heavy Water Plant (Yass 47). However, the only way that the Germans could develop anything close to an atomic bomb was by the creation of heavy water. Hidden in the mountains of Norway, the Germans attacked the Norsk Heavy Water Plant to potentially fulfill their desire to create atomic weapons. After sometime the heavy water plant was in full action under German control. The British found out about the water plant being used and wanted to destroy it as soon as possible. The British, who were also working on atomic weapons, knew exactly what the resources needed for an atomic weapon were. A group of Norwegian special forces who escaped from Norway, were compiled to attack the heavy water plant and destroy any progress the Germans had made towards atomic weapons. The attack on the plant was considered successful, however, the Germans did rebuild the part of the plant that was destroyed from the explosives used on it. The British found out about the repairing ofShow MoreRelatedThe Atomic Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki2142 Words   |  9 PagesThe horrific atom bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan on August 6th and 9th of 1945 brought about several reactions in the United States. Starting with the controversial events leading up to the atomic with the Potsdam Proclamation, many Americans began to wonder whether the total destruction of these two cities were necessary. However, immediate American responses and reactions to the bombs were contrary to what they became later on. 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The Outsiders Paper Essay Sample free essay sample

In the novel â€Å"The Outsiders† by S. E Hinton an of import subject is household and friendly relationship. This subject is interesting because it shows us how when you’re household you come together to look after each other no affair what. The subject of friendly relationship is besides interesting because when your friends you support each other through everything and anything no affair what the effects are. In â€Å"The Outsiders† the subject of friendly relationship is besides a chief involvement because despite peoples differences they can come together through a common involvement or factor. which is what happens in â€Å"The Outsiders† . The Curtis male childs have no parents as they died in a auto clang Darry and Soda work hard to back up the household. Darry is forced to work two occupations to maintain his household together. Family relationships are changed during the adolescent old ages but in the Curtis household remaining together as a household is a changeless battle. Since the accident Darry took the duty of care for Pony and Soda. and under the force per unit area of holding to supply for them he has grown up beyond his old ages. He no longer thinks of the male childs as brothers. but more of a duty. Darry recognizes Ponyboy’s endowment and has high outlooks for him. But Ponyboy thinks that Darry is a batch stricter than his male parent. but by the terminal of the book he understands Darry’s function: â€Å"Darry is a good defender ; he makes me analyze and cognize where I am and who I’m with all the clip. . . . My male parent didn’t cry at me every bit much as he does. † Soda besides dropped out of school so he could work and assist Darry pay the measures. He’s compassionate and caring like a female parent excessively Pony-Boy. When Pony-Boy and Johnny had ran off after Bob Winston’s slaying Soda writes a missive to Pony-Boy stating how disquieted him and Darry about him. in the missive sodium carbonate said â€Å"I wish you’d come back and turn your egos in but I guess you can since Johnny might acquire hurt. † This shows us that even though Soda misses Pony-Boy he understands the state of affairs and offers to be at that place for him. and that no affair what happens they will back up him. The subject of household is interesting in â€Å"The Outsiders† because it shows us that household attentions about each other can a household will make anything excessively maintain it together even if that means holding monolithic effects and that household is everlastingly and will ever back up you no affair what the fortunes are. The Greasers go to extreme lengths to assist and protect their friends. When Johnny killed Bob to salvage Pony-Boys life it was an inherent aptitude that Johnny had. He said â€Å"They were submerging you pony. I had no pick. † Johnny saw that his friend was in problem so on replete his precedence was to salvage Pony-Boy which meant killing Bob. but he did it anyway to salvage Pony’s life. This shows us that Johnny cares so much about Pony-Boy that he would make anything to salvage him even if it meant slaying person and perchance traveling to imprison. When Pony. Johnny and Dally went back to the church and saw that there was a fire Pony felt responsible so he went to deliver the childs so Johnny went after Pony-Boy when Pony-Boy was out and was waiting for Johnny to come out the church the roof collapsed on him and Dally went in to salvage Johnny even though it meant put on the lining his life. Both of these illustrations show the subject of friendly relationship. This subject was of import because friends will make anything to assist each other and be at that place for each other. and state each other everything and anything. Friends will ever be at that place to the terminal. S. E Hinton was seeking so demo us this in â€Å"The Outsiders† because we rather frequently bury how loyal and of import friends are to hold. we tell our friends things we may neer state our household and are likely closer in different ways S. E Hinton in â€Å"The Outsiders† showed us this. Developing relationships/friendships between the wetbacks and socs despite their differences. Cherry Valence becomes friends with Pony-Boy. Cherry the soc represents the perfect life to Ponyboy. She is a fine-looking cheerleader. but she says that the Socs have problems. excessively. Her life appears perfect to an foreigner looking in. but that seemingly is non the instance. When Pony and Cherry met. Pony told her about the narrative of Johnny acquiring jumped by the socs. After Pony had told her Cherry said â€Å"All socs aren’t like that. you have to believe me Pony-Boy non all of us are like that. that’s like stating all you wetbacks are like Dallas Winston. † Then subsequently on Cherry said â€Å"I’ll bet you think that socs have made it. The rich childs. the West-Side Socs. I’ll tell you something Pony-Boy. and it may come as a surprise. We have problems you’ve neer heard of. You want to cognize something? things are rough all over. † This cardinal quotation mark shows us that the Greasers and Socs both have issues. that they truly aren’t that different at all. Cherry and Pony connected truly good and became friends despite how different their lives are. At the terminal of chapter two the last words were â€Å"I know better now. † Pony knew that things we’re rough all over and non to judge the socs as they truly weren’t that different to the wetbacks. When Randy wanted to speak to Pony-Boy he wondered why Pony went to salvage the childs in the church because he wouldn’t of done that and didn’t think a wetback would hold Pony said â€Å"Greaser’ didn’t have anything to make with it. My brother over at that place wouldn’t have done it. Possibly you would hold done the same thing. possibly a friends of yours wouldn’t have. It’s the person. † This shows us that merely because wetbacks have the name wetbacks and socs have the name socs doesn’t mean that they are all the same. they all have different issues and different personalities which shows that a wetback may be like a soc which allows Randy and Pony-boy to acquire along. Randy decided to sit out of the rumble because he didn’t want to contend any longer. He said â€Å"people get hurt in rumblings. possibly killed. I’m sick of it because I doesn’t make any good. You can’t win ; you know that. don’t you? You can’t win. even if you whip us. You’ll still be where you were earlier at the underside. And we’ll still be the lucky 1s with all the interruptions. So it doesn’t make any good. The combat. the violent death. It doesn’t turn out a thing. Greasers will still be wetbacks and socs will still be socs. † This is so true. it shows me that nil will alter. Contending doesn’t resoluteness anything. Through the relationships of Cherry and Pony and Randy and Pony I’ve learnt that even though you may be so different to person doesn’t mean you don’t worry or care about the same things. Friendship comes in many different forms and signifiers being friends doesn’t mean that you like all the same things or are precisely alike it merely means that you can associate to each other which is what happened with Pony and Randy and Cherry the had something they could all associate to. I found friendship as an interesting subject in the foreigners because I learnt that being friends doesn’t needfully intend being precisely likewise it’s a batch more than that. They could be friends because despite their differences they were likewise in some ways. In the novel â€Å"The Outsiders† by S. E Hinton an of import subject was household as we learnt that household will ever be at that place to back up and assist each other no affair what the fortunes are. household is everlastingly. Friendship was besides an of import subject in â€Å"The Outsiders† as we learnt that friends don’t have to be precisely alike they merely have to hold something they can all associate excessively. Besides that friends will be at that place for each other till the very terminal and will back up and assist each other no affair what the effects are. â€Å"The Outsiders† has been a great book and I have learnt a batch from reading it about household and friendly relationship and that they are both highly of import things to hold in your life.